Ladainian Tomlinson Essays - LaDainian Tomlinson, San Diego Chargers

The history and effects of child sexual abuse

The history and impacts of youngster sexual maltreatment Youngster sexual maltreatment is unquestionably not another or present day marvel and despite the fact that it was not really recognized before the 1800s, it doesn't imply that it didn't exist. From the beginning of time, documentation about youngster sexual maltreatment has existed, with references particularly to Greek and Roman civilisations, just as in provincial America and Europe (Bolen, 2002). Jean-Claude Chenais (1981), in an investigation utilizing numerous information sources has been essential in the mentality changes in Western social orders over the issue of kid sexual maltreatment in the course of the most recent hundred years. His examinations have indicated that because of various distinctive contributing elements, in some European nations like Germany and France, kid sexual maltreatment was so visit as to be viewed as ordinary (Bagley King, 2004). As refered to in Bolen (2002), in his exploration on old style youth investigation of various authentic periods, DeMause (1988), states that: The historical backdrop of youth is a bad dream from which we have just started to stir. The further back in history one goes, the lower the degree of youngster care, and the almost certain kids are to be executed, surrendered, beaten, threatened and explicitly mishandled. In her examination of verifiable kid sexual maltreatment, Florence Rush has discovered that it is prevalently a marvel of the male centric frameworks ever, where youngsters were considered as property of the dad. In Talmudic law the custom a female girl can be promised by her dad by methods for sex after the age of three. Despite the fact that not supported, sexual acts incorporating intercourse with a youngster more youthful than three years isn't a wrongdoing. Such sexual action with little youngsters was not disheartened by the Catholic Church either ever, as in a Papal pronouncement of the 6th century expressed that for a union with be substantial it was having sex that was the abrogating variable and assent just attractive. The age of the young lady was mulled over with the end goal of assurance to be wedded where if the young lady was not at any rate seven years of age than this was viewed as invalid. Likewise, through history we find anyway that sexual maltreatment was not con strained distinctly to young ladies. Particularly in Greece, it was well known to utilize young men for sex. It was likewise regular to maim little youngsters and purchase or sell them as sex slaves (Bagley King, 2004). In its expansive sense, kid sexual maltreatment is the point at which a more established individual persuasively takes part in sexual action with a kid. The meaning of the terms rape on kids or youngster attack is distinctive in various legitimate wards (Rowan, 2006). As refered to in Kinnear (2007), kid sexual maltreatment is characterized by Fraser (1981) similar to the misuse of a kid for the sexual satisfaction of a grown-up, while Baker and Duncan (1985) guarantee that [a] kid (anybody under 16 years) is explicitly manhandled when someone else, who is explicitly adult, includes the kid in any movement which the other individual hopes to prompt their sexual excitement. In their 2003 report on the abuse of kids, the Childrens Bureau of the US Department of Health and Human Services characterizes it as the association of the youngster in sexual action to give sexual satisfaction or money related advantage to the culprit, including contacts for sexual reason, attack, legally defined sexual assault, prostitution, sex entertainment, presentation, inbreeding, or other explicitly misuse exercises (U.S. Division for Health and Human Services, Administration for Children, Youth and Families, 2005). The time of assent is likewise not the same as one nation to another. In any case, it is regularly comprehended, that a youngster can't comprehend or readily agree to sexual encounters with a more seasoned individual. It is likewise recognized that there exists sexual experimentation between youngsters and along these lines attack charges are possibly implemented when the more established individual is sixteen or eighteen and that kid is three or five years more youthful (Rowan, 2006). There are sure factors which classify sexual experiences as maltreatment as per the World Health Organization. Just as the age distinction it additionally remembers for the definition the abuse of a place of power by the grown-up which at that point prompts sexual acts. The kid should likewise be reluctant to take an interest in such acts regardless of whether the person didn't offer obstruction. It additionally requires the endeavor to contact the privates or bosoms of a youngster or make the kid contact the ones of the grown-up. In the event that the grown-up endeavors to contact the youngster by uncovering himself or if the kid is stripped, made to, just as the endeavor to lure or entice to assume to another position while brain science compromising the kid (Fegert, 2003). Sociological meanings of youngster sexual maltreatment vary from the clinical or lawful ones and while some are generally recognized some are less so despite the fact that similarly significant and persuasive (L awrence, 2004). One of the definitions generally acknowledged by kid assurance administrations is that of Schechter and Roberge and it expresses that Sexual maltreatment is characterized as the inclusion of ward, formatively youthful youngsters and teenagers in sexual exercises they don't genuinely appreciate, to which they can't give educated assent (Schechter Roberge, 1976). While inquiring about youngster sexual maltreatment, it isn't unexpected to connect this with the phenomology of pedophilia. While evaluating and treating sex wrongdoers in any case, experts realize that it is imperative to investigate various factors that have a significant job in such freak sexual conduct. The sexual inclination and history, including any of wrongdoing or savagery, are thought about. Some other issue, for example, endocrine or neuropsychological ones just as some other organic variables are to be investigated (Langevin, 2003). By definition, a pedophile is commonly a person who for no not exactly a time of a half year fantasizes about having sexual experiences with small kids or is explicitly stirred by the contemplations of such dreams. Generally the sexual inclinations of such people are centered around youngsters more youthful than thirteen years old. Pedophiles can be baffled from these inclinations and regularly experience the ill effects of relational trouble s on account of these sexual driving forces. In any case, regardless of whether not really consistently the case, a few pedophiles will follow up on such dreams and are generally just captured or brought to consideration along these lines. Most pedophiles are generally not really upset enough about such dreams about kids and as an outcome don't look for willful clinical assistance (Hall, 2007). The key factor in the evaluation of pedophilia is the age of the kids for whom intrigue is appeared. In its most solid structures, selectiveness is appeared towards prepubescent youngsters with no sexual inclinations or enthusiasm for different grown-ups. Not all pedophiles anyway submit sexual offenses with kid casualties and not all sex guilty parties with kids are pedophiles (Seto, 2004). Dr Langevin (2003) noted in any case, that despite the fact that there appear to be various components that are normal between pedophile ministers and different pedophiles regarding sexual inclinations, p edophile clerics by and large have less withdrawn conduct attributes. Considering the enormous measure of media inclusion of the ministry misuse emergency over the most recent couple of years, it appears that despite the fact that much enthusiasm by the network has been started on the subject, little research has been done by mental and clinical bodies. This might be because of a long existing common lack of concern between the Church and the emotional wellness field. Just a couple of studies have really tended to the issue of the pedophile cleric or the minister who explicitly manhandles kids. Regardless of the overcoming media inclusion and consideration of the issue giving a disturbing open supposition that most clerics are pedophiles, an American investigation assessed anyway that lone 2% of ministers are pedophiles while another 4% being ephebophiles. Nonetheless, it is additionally considered that a most likely enormous number of sexual maltreatment cases by the ministry are not announced (Plante, 1999). Michael Rezendes (2002), some portion of t he Boston Globes Spotlight Team was one of the primary writers who pointed out the issue of kid sexual maltreatment charges against the American pastorate. A time of examinations did by this group brought about the acquiescence of Cardinal Bernard Law on the thirteenth December, 2002. This was principally because of the presentation of a progression of weaknesses and slip-ups, in his treatment of a notable pedophoile in Boston; Rev John J. Geoghan, where in the wake of being accounted for of sexual wrongdoing with youngsters, he was reassigned. In any case, unmistakably Geoghn was just an indication of an increasingly major issue. The Spotlight Team researched further into the Archdiocese of Boston and when of Laws renunciation, had distributed more than 800 stories. A prior solitary case which additionally got overall exposure anyway goes back to 1984, where Fr Gilbert Gauthe of Lafayette, Louisiana was charged on different checks of kid sexual maltreatment. This was the main criminal instance of its sort to get such degree of media consideration and exposure and furthermore was the first occasion when that a common suit was started against a bishopric on the grounds of inability to shield kids from a known abuser in its ministry (Murphy, Buckley Joyce, 2005). Dr Richard Sipe, a psychotherapist and specialist just as a previous Roman Catholic Priest, composed widely regarding the matter of youngster sexual maltreatment and reports that even as ahead of schedule as 1976, preceding the enormous outrages broke out on the media, there opened a program, the first, maybe, on the planet committed to the treatment of psychosexual issue for pastorate. This incorporated the treatment of clutters which included the sexual maltreatment of youngsters. The re quirement for such a program and its arrangement, years before its opening, shows that information on Catholic Clergy who had issues of sexual unfortunate behavior was at that point across the board during the 1960s and 70s (Sipe, 1995). With such

Market Research Techniques Primary and Secondary Market Research

Market Research Techniques Primary and Secondary Market Research © Shutterstock.com | PureSolutionIn this article, we will deep dive into the topic of Market Research Techniques. We will start with 1) an introduction to market research, explore then 2) primary and 3) secondary market research, as well as finish with 4) the mistakes to avoid when doing market research.MARKET RESEARCH: AN INTRODUCTIONMarket Research is a term that is used to refer to a process of gathering or collecting information about target audience or target market. The main role of the concept of market research is to provide a company or a business organization with an in-depth view of the customers or consumers in order to be able to satisfy their needs better. The process of market research is integral to be able to compete with other players in the same industry and helps to analyze things like market size, competition and market needs.Market research makes use of analytical and statistical techniques and methods to gather and interpret information in an organized fashion . This process also involves opinion and social research and is important in today’s increasingly complex business environment. In such a scenario, businesses cannot just rely on their ‘gut-feeling’ to run things, and this is why market research is needed.Factors to be investigated through market researchMarket research can be considered as a method of getting an idea of the needs of the customers, and some of the factors that can be investigated through this process are given as follows:Trends in the market Market trends or trends in the market are the movements of a market in a given period of time.Segmentation of the market This is the division of a market into subgroups with similar features. This is needed to create a distinction between demographics, choices, genders, and personalities, etc.Information available Market information is the information about prices of different products available in the market.SWOT analysis This analysis is an analysis of the Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to a business or company.Effectiveness of marketing Marketing effectiveness takes into account risk analysis, product research, customer analysis, and competitor analysis, etc.Benefits of market researchTapping opportunities One of the biggest benefits of conducting market research is that it enables you to find out the various market opportunities and makes it possible to tap into them effectively. For example, it may help you to find whether your product is suitable for the audience you have targeted or not, and if it isn’t, then market research helps to identify the suitable audience.Encouraging communication Market research helps you to find out the best way to communicate with your customers. After obtaining research results, one tends to know the audience nature, personalities, likes, dislikes, etc. and this makes it easier to connect with them and reach out to them.Minimization of the risks Another major benefit of market research is that it helps businesses minimize risks by taking actions on certain subjects. For example, it may help to add certain qualities to products that may reach out to number of people, thus decreasing chances of the product going not used.Establish trends and market standing The market changes continuously and constantly. In such a scenario, only thorough market research can help to establish the ongoing trends and then formulate plans according to the current customer needs and requirements.Find out possible problems Since market research brings out the customer reactions, choices, and preferences, a business can alter the product while it is still in the manufacturing or designing process. It is easier to find problems and then work on them if one has research results in hand.Types Of Market Research TechniquesPrimary Market Research. Primary market research is a kind of market research which is done by the business or company itself with the objective of gathering information th at can be used to improve the products, services, and functions. Primary market research is also known as field research since it is research done from scratch, without using any information that is already made available through other sources. One can gather primary data or information through qualitative research methods as well as quantitative research methods. Primary market research is the most common type of a market research method and is also the most valuable type. It is a method that only answers specific questions and not irrelevant issues.Secondary market research. As opposed to primary market research, secondary market research is a research technique that does not aim to gather information from scratch but relies on already available information from multiple sources. This research focuses on data or information that was collected by other people and is available for either free or paid use for others. Secondary market research takes into account many different sources for collection of information including government data, office data, newspapers, magazines, the internet, etc. One of the benefits of doing secondary market research is that it is mostly free and takes a lot less time.Qualitative research. Qualitative research or qualitative market research is a kind of a research method which mainly takes into account the opinions and feelings of a customer as far as a business’s products and services are concerned. This type of research tries to get behind the customer’s mind to fathom what they see lacking or whether they truly like the product or not. Some common examples of qualitative research work include doing face to face interviews, being part of focus groups, etc.Quantitative research. Quantitative market research is a kind of market research work that is based on hard facts and statistical data rather than the feelings and opinions of the customers or consumers. This type of research can prove useful both in terms of primary market research and secondary market research. Some of the common examples of quantitative research include exit surveys, questionnaires, on-site fieldwork and the shopping bag survey. In fact, another example of quantitative research includes researching of the previously existing financial reports, research papers. This type of research comes out with a wide range of statistics and helps to find out the size of the market as well.PRIMARY MARKET RESEARCHThe following are the five Primary market research techniques that are most commonly used and applied:Focus groups. One of the main ways used to conduct primary market research is through focus groups. This method involves getting a group of people in a room or a place and asking them insightful questions regarding the product, its development, their preferences, and feedback, etc. These types of focus groups can be run or conducted at any location feasible for the company or business. These days, with advancements in technology and the i nternet, it is possible to conduct them virtually as well, through the method of video conferencing. But the main thing here is that the group of people brought together have something in common, for example, either they should belong to the same age group, the same gender and so on. This division of the group or the selection process must depend on the audience targeted or the product of service of the company. Participants in such focus groups are then compensated by either free coupons, vouchers, gifts or money, etc. Focus groups fall under the qualitative research method and help businesses know a lot about customer or market trends.Surveys and questionnaires. Another superb and highly effective way to conduct primary market research is through surveys and questionnaires. The term ‘surveys’ is a broad term that covers a lot of things such as survey questionnaires, survey forms, survey interviews and customer satisfaction cards, etc. One of the most common examples of this re search method is the feedback form given to customers at the time of billing at a restaurant. It is a straightforward method of knowing whether or not the customer is satisfied with the business’s existing services and products or what kind of changes would the consumer like to see. Surveys are also conducted in the form of web questionnaires these days that enable businesses to collect a lot of feedback and then analyze it for further administration.Observation. There are two major observation techniques or research methods used in primary market research, and they are observation through interaction and communication with the subject and observation through no interaction and communication with the subject. This form of research method comes under the quantitative primary research since through it; researchers evaluate or measure the behavior of the respondents or the users in general. This is more of a personal approach in comparison to surveys and questionnaires, etc.Trials an d experimentation. This method of primary research involves scientific tests where hypotheses and variables, etc. are used. This is a quantitative type of market research which may either be controlled out in the field or within controlled environments. In order to understand this form of research, here is an example that you can refer to: A food product company created 3 different food packaging styles and then sold the products to different consumers. After a limited period of time, it analyzed the sales and came to a conclusion about the preferred packaging style or design.In-depth Interviews. One may think of an in-depth interview to be a quantitative approach to primary market research, but this method, in fact, is a qualitative research that takes into consideration the kinds of choices and preferences a customer base has. Interviews, unlike focus groups, involve interaction between one moderator and one respondent and several types of modes and methods may be used to conduct them. Interviews may not always be restricted to a set pattern of questions but can also be in the form of a conversation with the target customer base or audience. This kind of a research method helps to dig further into what the customer wants, and the answers can later be analyzed to come to a conclusion for the final product delivery.SECONDARY MARKET RESEARCHSecondary market research is mainly based on collecting information from different sources and then coming to a conclusion. The following are the two main types of Sources of Secondary market research data:Internal sources. Internal sources are those kinds of secondary market research sources that already exist and are collected in the business’s database or file system. Internal sources include information that has already been collected by the company and proves useful for future projects, etc. For most businesses, internal sources may prove enough to develop new products and services, and this may not require them to lo ok outside.Examples:Balance sheets Previous balance sheets of the business can be referred to in order to find stats and figures that may prove useful for evaluation.Profit and loss statements Profit and loss statements can be consulted to find out what kinds of products and services resulted in profits previously.Inventory records This is another piece of data which can be used as a source for secondary market research and puts into focus many stats and figures.Sales figures Companies store their previous sales figures so that they can be analyzed and used for further research.External sources. In case the internal sources don’t fetch enough or sufficient information, external sources can be use. External sources are those sources that present data that is collected by other businesses or people. These are collected from outside the business’s environment and include multiple sources.External sources can be wide and varied and hence one must follow a controlled approach to assessing them.Examples:Government sources Several government sources can be used to collect a lot of useful information about multiple subjects.Universities and colleges Several college students and researchers collect and file information that can be further used by businesses.The internet The internet is the most used secondary market research source but has the disadvantage of several non-credible sources with incomplete information.Competitor data Often, businesses use the information collected and filed by other business organizations including that gathered by their competitors.MISTAKES TO AVOID WHEN DOING MARKET RESEARCHDoing only secondary market research While doing market research, one must avoid making the mistake of doing only secondary research and neglecting primary market research. It is true that secondary research is important and time-saving but primary research may bring about a fresh perspective, updated and latest results and offers a better take at the ma rket. Things like customer’s values, psychology, attitudes, lifestyle and interests can only be known when one conducts primary market research.Doing only primary market research Another common mistake that must be avoided when doing market research is doing only primary market research. Businesses often make the mistake of spending so much time on primary research that they forget that using secondary sources for data could also prove useful and a lot more time-saving. Secondary research may offer some data and stats for free and may eliminate the need to go an extra mile for the same information. Hence, all businesses must make it a point to do a little bit of both the research works.Using only the web for research It is true that the internet or the web is the greatest database for a wide variety of information and data but just relying on it and not using any other source could prove to be a big mistake as far as market research is concerned. One must remember that the inter net may not always offer reliable sources and complete information. And, as they say, incomplete information is dangerous. Thus, one must always make it a point to try out other more credible sources as well such as government sources, previous business files, etc.Limited vision It is common for people to see what they wish to see, but you just cannot afford to have tunnel vision if you are handling and running a business. A mistake that businesses often tend to make is to remain within a certain enclosure and not seeing what is outside it. They must rather make the effort, no matter how long it takes to peep outside and take a glimpse at the larger picture. Businesses must extend their vision, learn more and then apply their functions to attract maximum people of different demographics.Not being able to identify your target audience One of the most common reasons or causes for the failure of products, services, and business is the inability to identify the target audience. While with some products, it is easier to tap the potential customers but with some others, finding who your real audience is can be tough. For example food products. But just because it is difficult doesn’t mean it is impossible. It is highly important for all business companies to know exactly who their target audience is and then focus their marketing and other efforts towards them in particular.Not giving consumers an incentive to communicate with you Consumers are smart and need to be given benefits in order to get them attracted. Asking consumers to respond to a survey questionnaire without giving them any incentive can be a big mistake. But, on the other hand, offering the consumers a free coupon or a free voucher in return for their time could suddenly turn the tide in your direction.

Theu.s. Immigration And Nationality Act Of 1965 - 925 Words

The U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as Hart-Cellar Act, represents the most significant period in the history of Asian Americans. Decades of continuous exclusion and racist immigration policies, came to an end with the adoption of the Act, which resulted in unprecedented flows of immigrants from Asia, Mexico, Latin America, and other countries immigrating to U.S. Most influential proved to be the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, which brought national and international attention to the pervasive problem of racism and economic inequality in American society, including discriminatory immigration laws. New arrivals, especially from Asia, have transformed the demographic and diversity characteristics of Asian American community, and American society in general. The immigration Act of 1965 was the most important immigration reform legislation for Asian Americans and other racial minorities because it finally challenged the American race relations and dramatical ly improved the lives of Asian Americans. Despite Congressional efforts to bar Asian immigration, the domestic uprisings of that era and a new global vision of international relations pushed the U.S. government to end the biased quota system and the absolute exclusionist ideology (Hing 38). Since after World War II, U.S. shifted into the position of an international superpower, it had new obligations and objectives around the globe (Le, C.N. 1). Therefore, the U.S. government could no longer

Buddhism A Basis For Reality Essay - 1264 Words

Phillip Rickett Professor Chris Collins Philosophy 101 11 December 2016 Buddhism: A Basis for Reality Buddhism can be used to understand the complexities of our reality. Since Buddhism is based solely on observations that can be observed by anyone; this allows each individual to reach a state of enlightenment within their lifetime. Buddhist teachings free your mind from the suffering that you have experienced since birth and throughout your life. The perceptions we have created of our self and our lives have distorted our realities. If you follow the path of Buddhism, you can truly see the world for what it is and live free from suffering. Buddhism 1.1 History In order to understand the fundamental Buddhist concepts, we must first understand how Buddhism started. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama around the 5th century BC in India. Siddhartha was a warrior prince who renounced his royal lineage, left his family and all of his worldly possessions in search of a way to end all human suffering. He sat and meditated under a peepal tree until the answers he sought came to him. It was during this meditation that Siddhartha became enlightened and became known as Buddha. He realized that all human suffering was a direct result from the resistance to change. Buddha believed that we are stuck in a perpetual cycle of birth, life and death (samsara) and in order to escape this one must become enlightened. 1.2 What is Buddhism? Buddhism is one of the oldestShow MoreRelatedThe Self Impact Self Esteem And Self Image1148 Words   |  5 Pagesothers, especially considered as the object of introspection or reflexive action. From a psychological viewpoint, the concept of the self impacts self-esteem and self-image. But happens to that definition when we look at it from a religious aspect? 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Who Is an Entrepreneur Free Essays

string(75) " and can be related in both ways, but the focus should be on the behavior\." Common/different aspects of the paper2 Conclusions6 References7 â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? † Introduction â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? † is a question that aroused many controversies and debates. Among many articles that talks about the entrepreneur and the process of entrepreneurship I will focus on three articles that tried to answer this question or demonstrated the uselessness of the question. Analyzing many different points of view will conduct to a better and deeper understanding of the phenomena. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Is an Entrepreneur or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, this is not an exact science, like for instance mathematics or physics. It leads us more to interpretation, which means that, there will always be a need of debate. Short Summary In the article â€Å"Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization†, Carland et al. tries to answer the question by focusing on the characteristics of an entrepreneur and they go further with comparing him to a small business owner. They settle a definition for each and then, they apply the main ideas to a larger scale and differentiate an entrepreneurial venture from a small business. Gartner criticize their point of view in his article â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question† and considers that it is improper to define â€Å"the entrepreneur† because it would mean that an entrepreneur fits a certain type of person, which is not true since the views are not homogenous. That is why Gartner considers a more suitable approach for the concept, to analyze the entrepreneur’s behavior. In the article â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? Is a question worth asking†, Carland et al. tries to respond to Gartner’s critique and in the end, he argues that indeed entrepreneurship is a complex and dynamic concept. Common/different aspects of the paper In the article â€Å"Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization†, Carland et al. , in terms of entrepreneur and small business owner, focus on intentionality and characteristics. In their opinion, an entrepreneur’ purpose is profit and growth and he is characterized as an innovative person who will employ strategic management practices, while a small business owner’s purpose is furthering personal goals, and to whom the business is the primary source of income which will consume almost all of his time. In terms of differentiating Entrepreneurial Ventures form Small Business Ventures, they focus on the same ideas applied to a bigger scale. However, this attempt to define the concepts, and especially their arguments were hardly criticized by Gartner in his article â€Å"Who Is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question†. He brings into discussion the situation when â€Å"an individual personal goal is to establish a business for profit and growth†. He considers that Carland et al. are rung, first by focusing on intentionality, instead of creation, and second by focusing on the person instead of the act of entrepreneurship. He argues that, by referring only to intentionality rather than to concrete things like articulated strategies or observed behaviors, they increased even more the ambiguity. In my opinion, Carland et al. ’s attempt to define a small business owner as an individual whose main characteristic is achieving its personal goals is a vague statement. To be more specific, I will take as an example a farmer, who lives in the country, has no job, owns 10 hectares of vineyards, and decides to start a business in wine industry. For him, this will be the primary source of income. To help me set his goals, I will analyze Maslow pyramid. According to Abraham Maslow we will start from the base. Our farmer’s first goal will be to sell as much wine as to be able to sustain his physiological needs, like buying food, water and so one. After satisfying his basic needs, he will want to assure the need of safety and therefore, he will need to earn more money. So how can he do that? Growing his business and raising his earnings. This means that his goal will change into growth and profit while his business remains his principal source of income. And so one, we can continue to higher stages in the pyramid. Therefore, I consider that, the desire of achieving its personal goals cannot be a specific characteristic for a small business owner. I also believe that the two terms, â€Å"entrepreneur† and â€Å"small business owner†, are so close related that the transition between them can be made very easy and therefore I again disagree with Carland et al. because of their attempt to totally separate the concepts. For instance, if we take the farmer, on the the first stage of Maslow pyramid, according to Carland et al. , he fits the description of a small business owner, by having his business as his primary source of income and furthering his personal goals. But, what if we add that he discovers a secret recipe of wine, a new type of product, and he is able to put it into practice? This last feature belongs to an entrepreneur; therefore, the farmer will have both characteristics from a small business owner and an entrepreneur. So is he really a small business owner or he had become an entrepreneur? Gartner tries to show what differentiates an entrepreneur from non-entrepreneurs and it demonstrates that behavioral approaches are the ones we should concentrate on, for analyzing future researches in entrepreneurship, than trait approaches. He also recognizes that trait approaches and behavioral trait approaches are two related concepts that cannot be treated separately. Gartner explains that if we talk about behavioral and trait approaches, we analyze the entrepreneur’s characteristics through its activities undertaken to create an organization. For instance, Arthur Cole tries to take a behavioral viewpoint of an entrepreneur and then analyses his traits and specific characteristics (judgment, perseverance, knowledge of the world and business). Jenks and Kilby disagree with studying the personality of an entrepreneur and they encourage researchers to study the behaviors and activities of an entrepreneur. However here, I consider that we can analyze equally, both the traits and the behavioral of an individual, because are strongly connected, and can be related in both ways, but the focus should be on the behavior. You read "Who Is an Entrepreneur" in category "Papers" First, the behavior of an individual can be determined by its characteristics, as if for instance a person who most often takes hasty decisions he could be an impulsive person. And second, if we analyze an individual characteristics, we can suppose that he will behave in a certain way, like if he is very confident in its believes he could assume more risks than a person who does not trust its own ideas. Still we have to analyze each person as a simple, because everyone is unique and behaves in its own way. Gartner uses researches that focuses on the person of the entrepreneur, and tries to settle an entrepreneur’s qualities (traits), like: need for achievement, locus of control, risk taking, values, age, and others. Then he explains that these are worthless to differentiate entrepreneurs from others, because in the trait approach, an entrepreneur is considered a particular personality type with certain characteristics, but if we look at the studies, we can see that few entrepreneurs employ the same definition, so the views are not homogenous. In the article â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? Is a question worth asking†, after analyzing a compilation of Gartner’s studies of entrepreneurship, Carl et al. demonstrated the fruitlessness of his trait research. They considered that he used inconsistent definitions, samples that are not homogeneous or comparable and most important, he created an inconsistent entrepreneurial profile, which is often not significantly different from the rest of the population. Van de Ven finds it also important to analyze the traits and characteristics of a leader. However, Carland et al. considered that there are not so many classification schemes involving complex human behavior and that is one reason why they have excluded it. According to Gartner, we cannot talk anymore about â€Å"entrepreneurs† in general without referring to characteristics of the sample. In their continuous attempt to separate the term of â€Å"entrepreneur† from â€Å"small business owner† Carland et al. uses also psychology literature and considers that one’s personality is defined by all aspects of life and is largely set during the formative years. However, Gartner still believes that it is impossible to settle certain traits for an entrepreneur because everyone is different from other. Gartner also disagrees with the last part of Carland et al. entrepreneurial definition, which ties the state of being an entrepreneur to innovative behavior, and he brings up the problem of identifying if only the first firms in each industry are the innovative ones and all other subsequent would be small business owners. I consider that an entrepreneur is an innovative person, so in this respect I disagree with Gartner’s opinion. In addition, this does not mean that only the first company in each industry is innovative, like Gartner believes. Even if two firms are competing on the same industry, the second firm appeared on the market, could have products with the same utility and some similar characteristics, but the product can also contain an extra new, special, different, and innovative characteristic. Like for instance when it appeared the beer with lemon, I consider that is was a result of innovative thinking, because although it has the main utility of a bear, to quench the thirst, and has similar characteristics, it can also be seen as a new and different product. In this respect, Bhide, in his article â€Å"The questions every entrepreneur must answer†, considers that in the same industry, the option that suits for one entrepreneurial venture can be completely inappropriate for another. In addition, he gives as an example companies like Microsoft, Lotus, WordPerfect, and Intuit, which are competing in the same industry but had a very different evolution. In his research â€Å"What is entrepreneurship? , Davidsson analyzes entrepreneurship through competitive behaviors. He agrees with Gartner. He does not consider innovation as an example of entrepreneurship. On the one side, he manages to avoid more the risk of ambiguity by restricting the entrepreneurship concept to a market context which gives a more precise characterization to the process and on the other its permissive because it has no restriction to innovation, organizational context, risk taking and others. He sees entrepreneurship on a small level, which has important effects on a bigger scale, because it influences the whole market. In addition, it is brought into discussion the problem of differentiating a product from its similar product that constitutes innovation. Moreover, but not lastly we confront with the dilemma if new methods of manufacturing, marketing, distributing the product could be also considered as innovation and here, Gartner brings into discussion, the debate on which are the truly innovative methods. In the end, Gartner tries to change a long held viewpoint of entrepreneurial process by identifying it as the creation of new organizations. After that, he debates if the entrepreneurship ends once the organization creation is over. In his opinion the entrepreneurship ends once with the creation stage of the organization. In these respect, Greiner (1972) and Steinmetz (1969) considers that any organization can survive on past its creation stage to all the possible stages like growth, maturity, and decline. Therefore, if we look at the process itself and analyze each stage, when the individual creates an organization he takes different roles like innovator, manager, small business owner and many others and each is characterized by specific behaviors. But the order of these stages aren’t always the same. I consider that when the creation of the organization is on its end stage, we cannot say that entrepreneurial process it’s necessarily over. In certain situations, some firms extend their business by discovering a new revolutionary product. To be more specific, if we take in consideration a company which produces milk, and it discovers a new product that haven’t existed before, let’s suppose it’s butter, than the company will have to develop only some extra operations to make the revolutionary product. Therefore, the milk company will support a creation of a new sub organization in this section (technology, marketing, sales, management, and so one). Moreover, here come into discussion the habitual entrepreneurs, who, after creating a business, they are still identifying new business opportunities and put it into practice when they are able to do that. An interesting polemics, we can find on the article of Ucbasaran et al. , â€Å"Does entrepreneurial experience influence opportunity identification? †. After using data and research methodology among individuals engaged in entrepreneurial acts, they conclude that, on the one side, there are some differences between inexperienced novice entrepreneurs and experienced habitual entrepreneurs, but on the other, they also have some similarities in their behavior. Both habitual and novice entrepreneurs are in continuous searching for knowledge and development. One difference between these two categories is that with their experience, habitual entrepreneurs, identify more business opportunities, and one explanation could be that they use different sources of information like financiers, employees, and consultants. In addition, their attitude to business opportunity identification is different. They consider that one opportunity often leads to another but it can also emerge in connection with some problems. Experienced entrepreneurs are also convinced that it is crucial to obtain the necessary resources and capital to implement a good idea, and they underline the importance of spontaneity and alertness. In addition, experienced entrepreneurs often identify business opportunities with higher level of innovativeness. One explication could be their ability of choosing the best person for the right activity, based on their experience, which gives them more time to develop more business opportunities. Wright et al. brings into discussion the risk of habitual entrepreneurs to repeat same ideas but in different or changed environments. I believe that habitual entrepreneurs indeed find more easily business opportunities because of their experience in the changing of the market needs, and most important customer’s needs. They have a better understanding of the market mechanism and how vital is the spontaneity. They also understand better the consequences of doing or not doing something. However, entrepreneurship cannot be treated as an independently concept so therefore it can be related to areas like for instance mathematics, statistics, economics and many others. We find an attempt to prove the importance of having a complex model, in Bygrave and Hofer’s research, â€Å"Theorizing about Entrepreneurship†, where they try to highlight that entrepreneurship is a dynamic concept, which can’t be analyzed very good, using simples models like regression. They consider that we need a model with much more variables, such as: discontinuities in entrepreneurial process, changes of state (changes of phase in organization, including start-ups), sensitivity to initial conditions and multiplicity to anterior variables. In my opinion, using mathematics or some other exact sciences offers us a less subjective approach but if the model is not complex enough, we can also miss some details that could lead us to a rung conclusion or interpretation. Conclusions After analyzing opinions from several authors of articles, who tried to understand the concept of entrepreneurship and â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? †, we can conclude that there are many points of view in this respect and that’s why we cannot reach to a general valid and accepted definition of the concepts. Some tried to establish the differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, others tried to differentiate even the entrepreneurs between them, focusing on experience, and some tried to measure the concept through statistics, all having the same aim, to understand deeper the concept. However, there will always be the need of debate because the concept itself is a subjective one. So it remains to our discretion what opinion do we agree with, or we may very well create our own concept of an entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. In my opinion, a better understanding of the entrepreneur concept, needs a more suitable question, than â€Å"Who is an entrepreneur? †, like â€Å"What does an entrepreneur do? †. I believe that if we are able to establish his behavior, this will lead us to its characteristics, on the one side, and on the other, it could also give us a vision of his potential future behavior. After analyzing all points of view, I finally created my own concept of an entrepreneur. Therefore, first I believe that an entrepreneur should be able to create an organization, based on an original innovative idea, and sustain it. Second, he is concentrated on anticipating the need of the person on long term and finds the most efficient way of satisfying it. Third, he takes huge risks in order to fulfill its goal and he is able to adapt easy to changes. Moreover, most of all he identifies itself with the organization. Therefore, on an entrepreneur all these characteristics and behaviors complement each other. References Bhide, A. 1996) The question every entrepreneur must answer, Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 120-130 Bygrave, W. D. Hofer, C. W. (1991), Theorizing about entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory an Practice, 16(2), pp. 13-39 Carland, J. W. , Hoy, F. , Boulton, W. R. , Carland, J. A. (1984). Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: A conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359 Carland, J. W. , Hoy, F. , Carland, J. A. C. (1988): _’Who is an Entrepreneur? _Is a question worth asking’, American Journal of Small Business, 12(4): p. 3-39. Davidsson, P. (2004) What is entrepreneurship? Chapter in Researching entrepreneurship. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer. Gartner, W. (1989) How to cite Who Is an Entrepreneur, Papers

Othello Play Essays (2262 words) - Othello, Roderigo, Iago

Othello Play "If Othello didn't begin as a play about race, history has made it one." The Venetian society that Othello is set in is representative of the writers context. The attitudes and values that Shakespeare reveals through the text are those same attitudes and values of Elizabethan society in England in the sixteenth-century. Although Othello is set in Venice and Cyprus, the attitudes and values shared in the text are probably reflective of the attitudes and values of Shakespeare's own society. It is difficult to assess the attitudes and values of people in sixteenth-century Britain to the relatively few blacks living amongst them. We are given an insight into those attitudes and values through the representation of race and gender in the text of Othello.These attitudes and values are indicative of what a culture believes in and supports. By the time Othello was written the English were becoming more and more aware of the existence of other races in the world besides themselves. There had been a lot of travelling and blacks were beginning to be used in Europe for the slave trade. During the time the play was written, the Queen of England had banned all blacks from entering the city. She spoke of them as "Negars and Moors which are crept into the realm, of which kind of people there are already here too many". It seems that Shakespeare is almost mocking the Queen by characterising Othello as a black man who has a high ranking position in the Army and who marries a white aristocratic women, against her fathers will. Ruth Cowlig suggests that the presentation of Othello as the hero must have been startling for Elizabethan audiences. This may have been the case, but through the representation of Othello we are able to see that some members of society such as the Duke, looked over his colour to assign him his position whereas, others such as Iago, look on his colour as a way to mock him. Hostility is shown to Othello by characters such as Iago and Roderigo. This attitude may have been encouraged by the widespread belief in the legend that blacks were descendants of Ham in the Genesis story, punished for sexual excess by their blackness. The Elizabethan's discussed at length whether this skin colour was due to life in a hot climate or whether it was a punishment for sin. To the Elizabethan's, who thought hierarchically, fair skin was the epitome of beauty and therefore dark skin ranked below it. The term "black" was used in a variety of texts to stand for sin, filth, ugliness, evil, and the Devil. This value is ascribed to Iago when he describes Othello as the "black moor" hinting at something other than just colour. Attitudes to race aren't the only attitudes revealed in the text though. Attitudes and values about gender are also revealed in the portrayal of women and their actions in the text. A prime example of this is when Desdemona elopes with Othello without her father's permission, which during that time would have been socially unacceptable. This is revealed to us through Brabantio's reaction as Shakespeare uses Brabantio as a vehicle for the representation of higher society's views on matters. Another value revealed in the text is that of marriage. In the Elizabethan era marriage was not just a spiritual union but also a property transaction; the bride brought a dowry from her father and the groom's father (or the groom if he had already inherited his estate) had to settle lands on her in return, as a "jointure." Therefore, to marry without the bride's father's permission could be seen as an act of theft. This may explain why Brabantio reacted so strongly to the union of Othello and Desdemona.These attitudes and values contrast quite drastically to those ascribed to society today. Nowadays coloured skin is a common occurrence and a character such as Othello would be quite socially accepted. Race is both more accepted and more abused than in Shakespeare's time. With the feminist movement values given to women have also changed quite drastically. This is because women are now seen less as property and more of an equal. Marriage has also changed. In the sixteenth century girls tended to be married off rather young in their teens and to have their husbands chosen for them by their fathers. Now girls tend to get married in their late twenties and are free to choose their own partner. These attitudes and values that are revealed in the text are done

Leukemia essays

Leukemia essays Leukemia is one of the most deadly forms of cancer known today. For some reason it doesn't get the amount of media attention other forms of cancer. For example, if someone has breast cancer they are much more likely to survive than a person diagnosed with an acute or chronic leukemia. I think the reason for that is because they are making much more progress on treating breast cancer then on the treatment of leukemia. There are many different types of symptoms associated with leukemia. Many of the symptoms make the person fell as if they have the flu. Many people don't go to the doctor until their leukemia is in much more advanced stages because they think they have a bad case of the flu. This greatly reduces the patient's chances of survival. The most apparent symptoms of leukemia are weakness or chronic fatigue, fever of unknown origin, weight loss that is not due to dieting or exercise, frequent bacterial or viral infections, headaches, skin rashes, nonspecific bone pain, easy bruising, bleeding from the gums or nose, blood in urine or stools, enlarged lymph node and/or spleen, abdominal fullness, and petechiae. Petechiae is the sudden appearance of small red marks on the skin. There are many different types of treatments for leukemia. The most effective treatment is chemotherapy. Bone marrow transplants are also helpful in treating leukemia. Unfortunately it is had to find a donor with the same blood type, (it usually has to be a close relative) little over half of the people that receive them survive for more than three years. Various anti-cancer drugs are used many times in combination with chemotherapy. The drugs are often antioxidants. These antioxidants stop the dividing of the cells and so the number of white blood cells goes down. There are a large number of alternative treatments to choose from. There are traditional Chinese medicine, juice therapy, homeopathy, acupuncture, meditation, gigong ...

Term Paper 15 Pages

Term Paper 15 Pages Term Paper 15 Pages Term Paper 15 Pages is a legal site offering help with term paper writing.   Firstly, our free term paper writing blog consists of numerous term paper samples.   Secondly, our professional writers are always online to write a custom term paper for you from scratch.   Below is an excellent sample of term paper on abortion. Term Paper Sample Abortion is still prohibited except for medical emergencies in nearly two-thirds of the world, including the Western hemisphere, most of southern and western Europe, Africa and most of Asia. The exceptions are Britain and Scandinavia, which comprise 2 percent of the world's population, and Japan, China and most countries of eastern Europe, accounting for the remaining third of the world's population. Denmark and Sweden liberalized their laws in the 1930's and Britain enacted a liberal law in 1967 which has made it one of the freest countries anywhere in the world for abortions. Britain allows an abortion on the certification of two physicians stating that pregnancy will cause risk to life or the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman, even if the risk is slight. It is also permitted if the birth would imperil the physical or mental health of the woman's existing children, or if there is a risk that the child will be born defective. This law has become, in effect, abortion on demand. The United States is one of the countries in which abortion, as of 1971, is still restricted. In 32 states it is prohibited except in order to save the life of the mother. In Mississippi it is allowed also in cases of rape. The remaining 17 states and the District of Columbia are more permissive. (Every year more states join those who have passed liberalized laws.) As of early 1971, there were 17 states which had passed some form of abortion law based on the model code suggested by the American Law Institute. This code recommended in 1962 that abortion be permitted under the following circumstances: if the mother's physical or mental health will be impaired; if the child will be born with serious mental or physical defects; or if the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. States that have adopted this legislation are: Arkansas, California, Colorado (the first to do so in 1967), Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vir ginia, Washington, Alaska, Hawaii and New York. The last three states have gone beyond the suggested code allowing abortion for all reasons. The New York abortion-on-demand law passed in April 1970 is the most liberal with virtually no restrictions other than that the abortion must be performed by a licensed physician within the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. In Hawaii and Alaska there are residency requirements and the abortion must be performed in a hospital. Term Paper Help Online If you want to get a custom term paper written from scratch, you should order custom term paper writing service at our site.   Our term paper writers are responsible while our term paper writing services are affordable for all students!

Francisco Goya and the Second of May, 1808 Essay

Francisco Goya and the Second of May, 1808 - Essay Example As the crowd began to resist the attempts to disperse it, there resulted a fierce skirmish between the two sides which provided the theme of the portrait. Thus, the popular uprising in Madrid between the second and third of May 1808 provided the themes of two of the most important paintings by Goya. On the second of May 1808, the French soldiers caught isolated on the streets of Madrid were murdered by the outraged populace and Goya captured this violent engagement in his famous The Second of May 1808. "This event became the opening shot of the war of independence, celebrated ever after the Dos de Mayo. Goya worked for topographical accuracy to stress the connection between the historic occasion and the geographical and symbolic center of the city Goya makes the spectator feel like an eyewitness to the brutal killing, emphasizing the unplanned, spontaneous character of the uprising to set the stage for the picture of the systematic representation that follows in The Third of May 1808 ." (Boime, 296) Therefore, The Second of May 1808 has a great significance as it portrays an important historical event in an effective way and an in-depth analysis of the piece including color, line, shape, space, balance, symmetry, proportion, light, depth, texture, focal point, scale, rhythm, iconography, subject matter, patron, intended setting, etc suggests how this work of art fits into the career of the artist as well as the historical facts. Francisco de Goya's (1746-1828) The Second of May 1808 has been regarded as a major work of art dealing with the uprisings of the 1808 in Madrid and it provides a clear picture of the whole incidents that took place on this historically important day. Significantly, this work of art which has a historical relevance fits into the career of Francisco de Goya who always stressed the realistic at the cost of the idealistic or classic elements in painting. Thus, the oil on canvas, 266 x 345 cm, The Second of May 1808, at the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain has been comprehended as one of the most fundamental contributions by the painter to the world of art. In fact, Goya's painting provides an important version of the historical event and the work fits to the career of the painter. "Goya's painting emphasizes the anonymity of the condemned, and even the capriciousness of their selection. He depicts them in terror and disarray, confusion and despondency, constructing an image of ordinary pe ople dying without heroism and without knowing why they have been signaled out for obliteration. Yet, Goya's un-idealized and un-heroic 'heroes' are novel characterizations in the history of art and have meaning only in relationship to the particular conditions of the Napoleonic years." (Boime, 297-8) Therefore, the painting by Goya has a great relevance in depicting a historical event in a very convincing way and it fits rightly into the career of the painter.Francisco de Goya's oil painting The Second of May 1808, oil on canvas, 266 x 345 cm, has been accredited as an important version of a historical event and the artist finds new means of expression in the production of this picture. The work makes use of the technique of oil on canvas and an in-depth analysis of the piece confirms that it is effectively created by the painter to

Providing Quality Service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Providing Quality Service - Research Paper Example How the Industry Involves Guests in Order to Provide Quality Service Therefore, in order for the hospitality industry to get involved in the good service delivery, it has to provide programs that involve its guests. To do this, the industry may choose on certain programs such as; collecting information from the customers and provide a system through which customers can give their feedback about the kind of service and experience they received from the industry. Information can be collected from a short and precisely designed questionnaire which can be given to the customers as they board the facility so that they return the duly completed questionnaires at the time they leave the facility. In this way, the guests will be able to fill the questionnaires appropriately as they experience the particular questions in the questionnaire. The guests will be able to give their minds about what they feel is done right as well as what they feel needs to be adjusted. This information is then col lected from various guests and then well sorted to provide the major areas of weaknesses and strengths in the industry. The suggestions are then implemented by the company in order to ensure that service delivery is improved. Likewise, a hospitality firm may also provide a suggestion box for its guests so that the guests may give out their suggestions about their experience with the particular firm. The suggestion boxes should be put strategically in their rooms of residence and even outside so that they do not look for them. The guests need to be reminded to be giving their suggestions through the suggestion box in order to help the firm in improving service delivery (Jay, Connie, & Beverly, 2001). Service Standards Used by the Industry to Meet Customer Expectations The hospitality industry needs to maintain certain service standards in order to meet customer expectations. One such standard includes having an excellent customer care service. What makes the basis of a good hospitali ty industry is how the customers are handled and taken care of. Therefore, this industry finds strength in an excellent customer care department that knows its customer’s needs and solved them appropriately. A client may like the industry from the way they were received by the receptionist. A rude and careless receptionist will give the industry a bad image and make it lose customers. The guests who come to such industries most of the time are on holiday and therefore they would wish to be away from stress and just relax in the most welcoming environment. Therefore, they expect a warm reception from where they want to spend their holiday so that their mission can be accomplished. Another service standard that needs to be maintained by the hospitality industry is the quality of service offered by the employees. Employees should be properly trained in order to be able to take care of the guests well. The guests need to be satisfied with the kind of services they require to be o ffered to them by the industry. The industry offers such services through their employees, therefore, employees need to receive proper training that will enable them to execute such

Capitalists? :: Free Essays Online

Capitalists? Capitalism is the American way to create massive amounts of wealth through exploitation of helpless or naive people. When capitalism controls one’s future it becomes a noose that will control how one grows up and lives in the future. An example of this type of controlling capitalism is the new Marriott Hospitality Public Charter High School in Washington D.C. that trains mostly black*, inner city, high school students to become desk clerks, sales directors, and caterers (Hedgpeth). Washington Post Staff Writer Dana Hedgpeth in her article â€Å"If You Can’t Hire ‘Em, Train ‘Em† describes this process and the way the Marriott Company is going about creating their ‘future’. While Hedgpeth praises Marriott for its attention to underprivileged high school students, the question remains whether the attention given to these students in this school is the type of attention that will allow them â€Å"to be all they can be†? Marriott and other supporters of this school believe that what they are doing is creating a chance for a lost cause. In Washington D.C. there are plenty of poor black parents who would immediately send their child to a Marriott Charter School instead of a D.C. Public School where the classes are huge, the teachers are less inclined to care about the students, and fights or killings sometimes occur. The high school graduation rate of Washington D.C. in 1998 was approximately 57 percent, which is one of the lowest graduation rates in the country (The Manhattan Institute For Policy Research). †It’s better then having no chance at all,† says Rory Holderness, an inner city Baltimore native, who went to public school, saw fights almost everyday, and two of his friends dropped out of high school. Marriott thinks that their new charter school will be helpful to inner city high school kids that might not have a future or enough money to go to college. â€Å"The l abor market is very tight these days†¦ [These] students†¦ will take on jobs in the city’s largest industry †, said William R. Tiefel, who is the chairman of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and Emily Vetter who is the president of the Hotel Association of Washington, D.C. (Hedgpeth). Although nothing is guaranteed in life, Tiefel and Vetter have basically promised these District students that if they do not go to college from their charter school they will have secured a job in the â€Å"city’s largest industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hedgpeth).

Should Teens Be Tried as Adults

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